Relativism and Morality - 871 Words

Running head: RELATIVISM AND MORALITY Relativism and Morality Rodney L. Cotton SOC 120 Robert Neely February 21, 2011 Relativism and Morality In the article, â€Å"Some Moral Minima,† Lenn E. Goodman raises the question, â€Å"if it is true that no norm can be made absolute unless some other is compromised, are there no rules that tell us that principles are principles – no norms delineating concretely, and uncompromisingly, wrong from right?† (Goodman, 2010) Goodman goes on to state that the areas singled out in this article are not comprehensive of every consideration to which humans are due; he asserts that these are just some of the practices that should never be considered as options. The twelve areas which Goodman addresses†¦show more content†¦Human trafficking must not be tolerated under any circumstances. No person has the right to own another person or to use another person in an inhumane way. No person has the right to infringe on another person’s freedom. Many slaves and bondages in human trafficking endure unspeakable horrors and torturous sufferings. As for Goodmanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s condemnation of incest, I would also include any form of sexual molestation, whether the person is a relative or not. There is never any excuse for anyone to violate another human being for his or her own sexual gratification. I do not agree that sexual deviancies can be justified by cultural differences. Child molestation of any form, including statutory rape, is reprehensible and unjustifiable. The final areas addressed by Goodman were rape and clitoridectomy. Both of these actions are violations against another person. While it is known that both men and women are raped, rape is primarily recognized as a sexual crime against a woman. Rape not only involves forced sex; it often also includes assault, other physical injuries, and many times, even death. I can agree with Goodman (p. 92) â€Å"that rape is not a sexual crime but a power crime.† I also agree with Goodman’s statements: â€Å"Rape is wrong. It is always wrong. No circumstance can make it right.† (p. 92) Overall, I agree with Goodman that there are some absolutes in society and certain actions that should never be accepted orShow MoreRelatedMoral Relativism : Morality And War879 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Relativism Debate Moral relativism is the idea that there is no absolute moral standard that is applicable to any person at any place at any given time. It suggests that there are situations in which certain behavior that would normally be considered â€Å"wrong† can actually be considered â€Å"right†. Moral relativism has played an increasingly significant role in today’s society, particularly regarding the differences between the countries of the world. This essay will summarize and explain bothRead MoreMoral Relativism And Moral Morality1627 Words   |  7 Pagesare either true or false. In addition,the great philosopher known as Plato also leaned towards the moral realism side rather then moral relativism. Moral Relativism is culturally based upon the believes of ones right or wrong decisions. Every day people decide what is right for themselves to do that morning when they wake up. Over the years moral relativism has been noticed as a primary moral philosophy and is still practiced in todays society. Being morally right, or ethically right is basedRead MoreCultural Relativism : A Universal Standard Of Morality1480 Words   |  6 PagesCultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics of a culture should be understood and tolerated by people of other cultures (Fastiggi, 2013, p.30). The universal standards of morality do not exist between cultures rather it exists within cultures which prevents other cultures form being judged (Rachels, p.2). This means that the rights and wrongs are based upon an individual’s culture so an action considered moral in one society can be immoral in another. Cultural relativism is invalidRead MoreRelativism and Morality: Ana lysis of Lenn Goodmans Some Moral Minima995 Words   |  4 PagesRelativism and Morality: Analysis of Lenn Goodmans Some Moral Minima In Some Moral Minima, Lenn Goodman argues that there are certain things that are simply wrong, which presents the platform for a heated debate to arise as to whether this notion is right or wrong. In the context of modern society, relativism has always had a place, especially in the forming of societal and behavioral norms to which those in a certain society are expected to comply. However, on a smaller individual level,Read MoreThe Necessity For Objective Morality1600 Words   |  7 PagesMorality is a key component to every day life, and due to its large impact on the world, it is often a major topic of discussion and argument. Some people may infer that morality is nothing more than an individual concept, while others, like me, believe it cannot be altered for personal benefit. Accordingly, in this paper I will argue the necessity for objective morality, and furthermore, how if it happened to be objective, the world would be chaotic. While I understand that there are various sit uationsRead MoreEthical Relativism Moral Or Immoral1382 Words   |  6 PagesBrittany Haskell Mr. Legge CLN 4U Due: December 19, 2014 Ethical Relativism Moral or Immoral Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. Moral or ethical relativism is the idea that what is considered moral or immoral depends on the accepted behaviors within the society in which the determination is made. Therefore, whatRead MoreThree Kinds of Relativism1309 Words   |  5 Pages In the last part of the course, we studied different forms of relativism and how they can be applied to morality. Relativism is in contrast to the universal laws that we studied when we were studying Kant’s Groundwork earlier in the semester. Instead, relativism makes the claim that there are no universal laws that can be applied to morality because every point of view is equally valid and therefore nothing can be said to be morally right or wrong. What we perceive to be right or wrong is basedRead MoreEvaluate †©Rachels †©Arguments †©Against †©Cultural†© Relativism Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesPHIL1001 ESSAY Evaluate†©Rachels†©arguments†©against†©cultural†©relativism.†©Is†©he†©right†©to†©endorse†© objective†©moral†©realism? DINH NAM TRAN 308213904 Cultural relativism, as defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Is the thesis that a person’s culture strongly influences her modes of perception and thought† Most cultural relativists add to this definition saying that there is no standard of morality. This means that morality is relative to the particular society that one lives in. ProminentRead MoreRelativism, Multiculturalism, And Universal Norms866 Words   |  4 PagesAni Martirosyan Philosophy 305 Business Ethics Assignment #4 Chapter 8: Relativism, Multiculturalism, And Universal Norms: Their Role in Business Ethics The central thesis of Beauchamp’s argument is as follows: I argue that although a relativism of all moral standards is an untenable position, a lower-level relativism of moral judgment and multiculturalism are morally warranted. I conclude that there is a universal common morality, but that it allows for moral disagreement and legitimate differencesRead MoreEthical Relativism And Moral Relativism962 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst moral relativism as the correct way to judge human morality. There are several issues with moral relativism, and I will focus on why moral relativism’s argument is false and also consider the implications of accepting relativism. I will propose an alternative framework for making moral judgments about right and wrong and consider relativist objections. Philosophers often vary in their usage of moral relativism, so, for the purpose of this paper, I will be considering moral relativism to be the

Hinduism and Buddhism Essay - 1888 Words

Religion can be described as a centralized belief in which a group of people live their lives according to a set of practices, relating to the existence of a particular deity in order to fulfill a purpose. Religious studies are categorized so that each religion may be conveyed in an understandable way in which they are intended to. Many religions attribute, intentionally or not, to what is known as philosophical parallels. Attaining to these parallels involves a big problem with the way vocabulary is utilized. The philosophical parallel: problem of syncretism stimulates the question of whether there is such thing as an authentic religion. Most religions utilize this trait in such conditions that they use certain features of other religions†¦show more content†¦Within the conscious feeling of one’s atman, the term bhraman is used to describe the universal life force that is found in everything, personal and impersonal (Smith, 2-17). Hinduism(s) emphasizes the importanc e of separating one’s self from the material world/samsara and promotes asceticism (abstaining from worldly desires with aims of pursuing a more religious lifestyle) (Gavin Flood, 2009). Hindu’s view self awareness, as a way to connect with one’s atman. Lastly, the concept of Karma, the cause/effect cycle that is based on a person’s actions that determines their destiny in samsara is also emphasized in order to reach moksha. Samsara and the cycle of reincarnation exist because karma exists (correlating with the cosmic laws). For example, if an individual lives according to righteous morals, they’re closer to reaching moksha rather than someone who creates or does bad things – creating spiritual barriers, thus making moksha harder to reach. How can moksha be undertaken? Outside of the emerging concepts as discussed in the previous paragraph, there are certain disciplines that enable individuals to come in contact with their atman. This particular discipline is known as yoga. Like many practices in religions, there are different types of yoga that individuals do in order to maintain development. The first is theShow MoreRelatedHinduism, Hinduism And Buddhism1205 Words   |  5 Pagesafterlife has become a controversial subject across many religions. Religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have provided a multitude of similar and different analysis behind their specific beliefs and practices. Similar to many religions practiced around the world, Hinduism portrays a great amount of belief in worshipping gods that they believe play a special role in their history. Though when speaking of Hinduism, I should mention that it does not consist of a single, dominant religion. It is aRead MoreHinduism : Buddhism And Hinduism1045 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheast Asia, particularly India, is the birthplace of many religions. India is where these two religions arose: Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism is a very ancient belief system derived from the lifestyle of Southeast Asia. It still has a strong presence in its place of origin and it is characterized as a family of religions. An offspring of Hinduism, Buddhism is also a family of religions, except it has less of a strong presence in its place of birth. Yet, situated to the East area of the worldRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1641 Words   |  7 PagesSo far we’ve learned about Hinduism and Buddhism in India two of the most common religions found in India. One of the many things about learning about different culture is the religion that is come with. Religion is one of the many things that are unique to each and every culture. Religion views are what make a group of individuals come together and form a community. In core 7 we are learning about Hinduism and Buddhism learning about India and their religion views has helped me see the world inRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1276 Words   |  6 PagesOut of the worlds many beliefs and religions, Buddhism and Hinduism make of about 20% of them (The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050). Hinduism and Buddhism are the most influential and popular in the eastern hemisphere, mostly in and around the Asian continent. These two religions have similar ideologies. So much so that many say that Buddhism is an appendage of Hinduism. Such religions have different religious structures, which allow broader interpr etations toRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism : Buddhism942 Words   |  4 Pages Hinduism and Buddhism Park University Desmond Hutchinson RE307 â€Æ' Abstract Both Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India a very different world and origin than the other main religions. What is now called Hinduism began in India around 2000 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. Minorities in religion Hinduism and Buddhism are still well known and are growing in its followers from all over the world not just limited to the traditional geographical locations. Hinduism and Buddhism are differentRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, And Hinduism1817 Words   |  8 Pagespracticed today. Most of these religions are based off the belief in a god, or have a moral code that they need to follow in order to appease their god or achieve salvation in the afterlife. Three religions that will be highlighted here are Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. In each of these three religions, they all share some religious tenets, or beliefs, that is universally accepted amongst all religions around the world and throughout history. Some of these tenets include the belief in a god or a SupremeRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religionRead MoreBuddhism and Hinduism881 Words   |  3 PagesSome awesome title I make Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the most philosophical religions around the world. Both religions stem from India before the Common Era and hold ranks as being one of the top five main religions around the world, therefore, having similar origins and philosophies. Hinduism places third as an organized religion and is much older than Buddhism. Hinduism and Buddhism have lasted for centuries and today is widely practiced among the world. Hinduism is considered to be monotheisticRead MoreHinduism and Buddhism976 Words   |  4 Pages Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the world’s most influential and greatest religions. Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of the awakened one (Abrams), and Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s greatest religions (Rice). Both of these religions arose in South Asia, thus they share similar culture and philosophy; however, they also contrast greatly with each other in many other aspects. By comparing the rituals of worship of the two religions it is proven that Hinduism worships variousRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism1909 Words   |  8 Pages Maryann Lyons Summer 2015 homework A: Hinduism and Buddhism Reflection Answers: 1. I believe that people aren t allowed to leave the caste they are born into because in this religion, they believe that all of your sins and good deeds from your former life are added up to place you in a caste for this life. So, with that being said, if someone leaves their caste it would be considered unfair. 2. In my opinion, Hinduism values religion more than money and nobility. They have a high

Pressures Faced by Businesses and Management

Question: Discuss about thePressures Faced by Businesses and Management. Answer: Introduction Organizations do not work in isolation. They interact with both internal and external environmental variables. Some environmental variables include technology, culture, political variables and legal factors, (Casadesus-Masanell Zhu, 2013). Organizational pressures can be categorized into three, market pressures, societal pressures, and technological pressures. Two of these pressures are discussed as follows: Market Pressures The market consists of many players. Some market participants include customers, competitors, and suppliers, (Naletlich, 2016). The market pressures are pressures that organizations may face in their attempts to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals. Organizations will always strive to not only keep their current clients but also attract new customers. The customers exert significant competitive pressures on the firm as they can always buy their goods from elsewhere, (Bombaridini Trebbi, 2012). In an open market where there are many buyers and many sellers, competition is a major determinant of success. The goods in these markets are also related. Hence there are a lot of substitutes, (Teeransirikool, Sienthgthai, Badir Charoenngam, 2013). Customers are, therefore, given a lot of alternatives from the market making them be able to shift quickly from purchasing from one company to another. The competitors are also great determinants of success of any business. In an open market, managers are always faced with an enormous challenge of competing with both local and international rivals, (Bombaridini Trebbi, 2012). Whenever companies are not able to bear the competition it is exposed to by the market, it may be thrown out of the market, (Bombaridini Trebbi, 2012). The managers are, therefore, pressured to devise policies that would enable them to gain customer loyalty for their products. Competition greatly relies on customer preference. If a firms products are preferred by clients, then the company may gain a competitive edge against their rivals in the market. Michael Porter outlined some factors that may make a firm to seek competitive advantage. They included the threat of entry of other companies, threat of development of alternative goods, the bargaining capability of clients and suppliers and competitive rivalry among groups, (E.Dobbs, 2014). The manager must, therefore, be aware of these factors and adjust to them appropriately to remain competitive. Technological Pressures. In the global business environment, there are a lot of technological improvements. Some of these improvements include internet marketing, social media marketing, and electronic transactions, (Garcia Colegrove, 2015). The manager must always scan the environment so as to identify any technological improvements that are relevant for the organization. Technology seeks to simplify the way business is carried out in the society, (Garcia Colegrove, 2015). Companies that use low technology in their operations may be slow and quickly thrown out of the market. Technological obsolescence is one of the leading causes of business failure. The managers are therefore pressured to come up with unique technology that other competitors do not have so as to compete favorably, (Garcia Colegrove, 2015). Innovation is a perfect way to adopting new technology. However, this may be an expensive process to managers. The company may also not be in a position to accept technological changes, making the manager to experience a lot of forces against change, from the employees. How the Manager can Alleviate the Pressures Innovation As explained by Naletelich (2016), innovation is the process of coming up with better ways of operation. It helps to solve some market-related constraints, and organization may be exposed to. Managers should always carry out a thorough environmental analysis to identify the major technological trends in the market, (Naletelich, 2016). This would enable them to determine the technological gap in the environment and fill it through innovation. Innovation is also closely linked to change. The managers should encourage creativity in the firm so as to come up with strategic changes that are technologically competent. Innovation enables firms to gain customers satisfaction. It may major on saving customers shopping time, reducing the time taken by clients in the queues before being served and coming up with unique products that have no substitutes in the market, (Garcia Colegrove, 2015). Innovation also weakens the tendency of companies to be outlaid from the market through the development of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and customers and new market entrants, as the company will be able to devise unique ways of operation. Formulating competitive strategies. Managers may weaken the market pressures by coming up with certain competitive strategies. Michael Porter outlined some competitive strategies. These plans included focus, differentiation and cost leadership, (Garcia Colegrove, 2015). A firm can adopt cost leadership as a way of gaining a competitive advantage against its market rivals. In this strategy, the company would sell its products at relatively lower prices than those of its competitors, (Magretta, 2013). This enables the low and middle-income families to be able to afford the goods, making them develop loyalty to the companys products. A company may also develop customer focus as a competitive strategy. In customer focus, the company practices an active market differentiation and then modifies its operations to suit a specific customer target, (Grundy, 2016). The manager may decide to focus on customer satisfaction. For low-income families, satisfaction is gained when the customers can purchase the products at lower prices and save for other purchases, (Magretta, 2013). The company may, therefore, aim at reducing the cost of its products so as to achieve customer satisfaction and loyalty. The company may also practice differentiation. In differentiation, the firm manipulates its goods and services so as to make them unique and different from the products from other businesses, (Grundy, 2016). This enables the firm to develop an efficient product positioning, as the customers will easily recognize the unique products in the market. Differentiation can also be achieved through branding, (Grundy, 2016). If a company develops a unique brand, then the clients will be able to separate this brand from other brands easily and purchase the goods provided by the corporation. Conclusion In this assignment, two pressures that an organization and the manager can be exposed to have been explained. These include market forces and technological pressures. The ways that can be utilized by the manager to weaken and solve these tensions have also been discussed. These include innovation and development of right, competitive strategies. References Bombardini, M., Trebbi, F. (2012). Competition and Political Organization: Together or Alone In Lobbying for Trade Policy? Journal of International Economics, 87(1), 18-26. Casadesus?Masanell, R., Zhu, F. (2013). Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation:The Case of Sponsor?Based Business Models. Strategic Management Journal, 34(4), 464- 482. E.Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for Applying Porter's Five Forces Framework: A Set of IndustryAnalysis Templates. Competitiveness Review, 24(1), 32-45. Garcia, M. M., Colegrove, T. (2015). Introduction to Special Section: Considerations andPotential Impacts. Bulletin of the Association for Information Science Technology, 42(1),8-11. Doi:10.1002/Bul2.2015.1720420105 Grundy, T. (2006). Rethinking and Reinventing Michael Porter's Five Forces Model. Strategic Change, 15(5), 213-229. Doi:10.1002/Jsc.764 Magretta, J. (2013). Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy. Harvard Business Press. Naletelich, K. (2016). Consumer Perceived Dimensions of Organizational Creativity andInnovativeness. Ama Winter Educators' Conference Proceedings, 27g-21-G-23 Teeratansirikool, L., Siengthai, S., Badir, Y., Charoenngam, C. (2013). Competitive Strategies Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Performance Measurement. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(2), 168-184.